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#LWE
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- Post-Quantum Cryptography: The Algorithms Replacing RSA Before the Quantum Computer Arrives
Every TLS connection, every signed certificate, every encrypted email uses cryptography that Shor's algorithm can break. NIST finalised four post-quantum cryptographic standards in 2024 — ML-KEM, ML-DSA, SLH-DSA, and FN-DSA — based on mathematical problems that quantum computers are not known to solve efficiently. Here is the threat model, the mathematics, the size trade-offs, and why migration is already urgent even though the quantum computer does not exist yet.
